KNOWLEDGE BASE

Internet is a global network that connects millions of computers. It is a worldwide network of networks that connects more than three million computers (called hosts). More than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions. Unlike online services, which are centrally controlled, the Internet is decentralized by design. Each Internet computer, called a host, is independent. Its operators can choose which Internet services to use and which local services to make available to the global Internet community. Remarkably, this anarchy by design works exceedingly well. There are a variety of ways to access the Internet. Most online servicesThe Internet is the virtual space in which users send and receive email, login to remote computers (telnet), browse databases of information (gopher, World Wide Web, WAIS), and send and receive programs (ftp) contained on these computers.

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Many people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web interchangeably, but in fact the two terms are not synonymous. The Internet and the Web are two separate but related things.

The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure. It connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet. Information that travels over the Internet does so via a variety of languages known as protocols.

The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet. It is an information-sharing model that is built on top of the Internet. The Web uses the HTTP protocol, only one of the languages spoken over the Internet, to transmit data. Web services, which use HTTP to allow applications to communicate in order to exchange business logic, use the the Web to share information. The Web also utilizes browsers, such as Internet Explorer or Firefox, to access Web documents called Web pages that are linked to each other via hyperlinks. Web documents also contain graphics, sounds, text and video.

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A domain name is the text name corresponding to the numeric IP address of a computer on the Internet. A domain name must be unique. Internet users access your website using your domain name. download The process of copying files, information and images from the Internet to your computer. Every time a visitor accesses a page on the Internet, they are downloading the contents of that page.

It is also a unique name that identifies an Internet site. It is up to fifteen characters in length, but can now be up to sixty-seven characters, assigned to identify the domain on the network. A domain name must be different than all other domain names, workgroup names, and computer names on the network.

Domain is a method of identifying computer addresses. Your e-mail address has a domain address. If you have an "edu" at the end of your e-mail address that means your account is affiliated with an educational institution. A "com" extension means you have a business account. A government account has a .gov suffix.

Domain names are the human-readable addresses used on the Internet (eg, "www.microsoft.com"). The Domain Name Service translates these names into IP addresses which TCP/IP programs use directly. Compare dotted quad.

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TLD's (Top Level Domains) are the top level in the hierarchy of the Domain Name System. In the example "google.com" the ".com" is the Top Level Domain.

TLD's in general are often referred to as the Name space. For example the domain name domain.info is part of the .info name space.

Every other country has its own top-level domain, including ".us" for the U.S.A. Within the .us domain, there are subdomains for the fifty states, each generally with a name identical to the state's postal abbreviation. These are rarely used however. Within the .uk domain, there is a .ac.uk subdomain for academic sites and a .co.uk domain for commercial ones. Other top-level domains may be divided up in similar ways.

In the US and some other countries, the following top-level domains are used much more widely than the country code:
.com - commercial bodies
.edu - educational institutions
.gov - U. S. government
.mil - U. S. armed services
.net - network operators
.org - other organisations

Since the rapid commercialisation of the Internet in the 1990s the ".com" domain has become particularly heavily populated with every company trying to register its company name as a subdomain of .com, e.g. "netscape.com" so as to make it easy for customers to guess or remember the URL of the comany's home page.

United Nations entities use the domain names of the countries where they are located. The UN headquarters facility in New York City, for example, is un.org.

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Before buying your domain name, give some thought to the following:-

If possible use your sites name as the basis of your domain name e.g www.bit7informatics.com for Customised software and Website designing and development. This might seem common sense but not every site follows the convention. If you use your name in your URL it will be much easier for your customers to find you.

Generic names -
if you can register a generic domain such as toys.com that's great, but most of these have already gone. Also getting ranked in the search engines is likely to be harder. Selected a domain closer to your market segment will cut down the competition. E.g toyplanes.com

Hyphenated Names - Its easy to forget the hyphen! Which is the problem, particularly if your customer remembers your name but not your URL. Though on a positive note hyphenated names are less likely to be registered already.

If the .com or .co.in extension is not available then consider the alternative TLD ( Top level domain types) such as .net or .biz. If your domain name has already been registered then approach the owner and ask if they'll sell. They may accept a £100. If you ask, they can only say no.

Plurals. Very often a domain name will be free in the plural but not in the singular form. It's a personal choice, but if your prefered choice of domain name is not available you might be stuck.

Short or Long domains - A short domain name is more memorable, but less likely to be available. A longer domain is harder to remember, but can contain more keywords which is important as some of the search engines, use keywords in a domain name as part of the search algorithm.

Which Top Level Domain Type - .com, .co.in , .net etc This is a question I am often asked. There is no evidence that any domain name type is given preference by the search engines. However some search engines such as Google, have local searches e.g www.google.co.in which do select local content. Customer often get re-assurance from seeing a local TLD as they know they are dealing with a local company etc. You can, of course, register all of them

Variations - If your prefered domain name is not available then its always worth trying a prefix my e.g mydomains.com or suffix e.g domains4U.com etc

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Domain Registry
The 'Registry' is the system backend that is maintained by the operators of the TLD. Registrar's write new names to a central registry database, from which the authoritative root (essentially, a table of all domain names) is built. In the case of .com, .net and .org, the InterNIC runs the registry, and qualified registrars have shared access to it. In the case of many ccTLDs, the registry and registrar functions are combined within one entity.

Domain Registrant
A registrant is the person or company who registers a domain name. For example, Jessica Smith (registrant) registers the name jessicasmith.com through OpenSRS (registrar) who in turn writes the name to the central database (Registry).

Domain Renewal
Domains are leased on an annual basis, and need to be renewed once the current payment for the lease expires. If a domain is registered on April 15, 2003 and prepaid for one year, it will be due for renewal on April 15, 2004, at which point the registrant either pays for additional years, or lets the name expire. Domains can also be pre-paid for multiple years, up to a maximum of 10 years.

Domain Registrar
A "Registrar" (or "Domain Name Registrar") is an organization like Network Solutions that has control over the granting of domains within certain TLDs (top level domains, like the generic .com/.org/.net or country-specific .ca/.us/.mx etc.).

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The term 'transfer' has been used to describe various kinds of domain name transfers. Traditionally, simply changing the nameservers providing name service for a domain was considered a transfer. Nowadays, such a modification is more rightly called a modification, and the term 'transfer' describes the transfer of a domain from one registrar to another.

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Nameservers (or Domain Name Servers) are the machines that perform the DNS function, containing zone files listing all the hosts on their network, and their corresponding IP addresses. If a nameserver is unable to determine which IP address a given hostname (i.e. www.opensrs.org) should map to, it will at least be able to point to another nameserver, which will either contain the information, or pass the request on until the correct nameserver is found.

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When computers communicate with each other, there needs to be a common set of rules and instructions that each computer follows. A specific set of communication rules is called a protocol. Because of the many ways computers can communicate with each other, there are many different protocols -- Some examples of these different protocols are HTTP, SMTP, FTP, IP, TCP etc.

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Cookies contain information that is sent from a web server to a web browser. That information is stored on your hard drive. Some web sites record information that you have entered while at their site and send out cookies (text files) that are stored on your computer. This cookie is storing the name, count and last date entered on your hard drive. If you are using Netscape there should be a file on your hard drive named magic_cookie and it contains the following information. Internet Explorer has something similar.

Cookies DO NOT have access to your hard drive other that the original cookie file with the information that was sent. This file is then retrieved and updated by the server when you return to their site. Cookies are usually set to expire after a certain amount of time.

The main purpose of cookies is to identify users and possibly prepare customized Web pages for them. When you enter a Web site using cookies, you may be asked to fill out a form providing such information as your name and interests. This information is packaged into a cookie and sent to your Web browser which stores it for later use. The next time you go to the same , your browser will send the cookie to the The server can use this information to present you with custom Web pages. So, for example, instead of seeing just a generic welcome page you might see a welcome page with your name on it.

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CGI (Common Gateway Interface) scripts are programs that run on the servers. The programs can vary in their complexity and design. CGI scripts are one way to maintain statistics on everything that happens on your web site. You have to be able to create a cgi-bin directory on your web site and have to have permissions required to execute these programs.

CGI scripts will directly interact with the server, where your whole web site resides, simply they are server-side. It works from your server you can take control over the scripts which are running by using other server files, for example the sendmail program of Unix. Javascripts don't access any of your other files, (for example you cannot access a database which is in your server). Javascripts are simply inserted into your HTML pages, which can be run by the browser.

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A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and organizations to provide their own website accessible via the World Wide Web. Web hosts are companies that provide space on a server they own for use by their clients as well as providing Internet connectivity, typically in a data center. Web hosts can also provide data center space and connectivity to the Internet for servers they do not own to be located in their data center, called colocation.

One service often closely associated with domain names is web site hosting. The World Wide Web is a massive collection of web sites, all hosted on computers (called web servers) all over the world. Because of the web's uniquely global nature, a web site should be accessible 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Rather than pay to have a 24/7 dedicated Internet connection to an in-house webserver, many people opt to host their sites with a web hosting provider. Web hosting clients simply upload their web sites to a shared (or dedicated) webserver, which the ISP maintains to ensure a constant, fast connection to the Internet.

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Free Web Hosting Services :
is free, (sometimes) advertisement-supported web hosting, and is often limited when compared to paid hosting.

Shared Web Hosting Services :
A shared web hosting service or virtual hosting service or derive host refers to a web hosting service where many websites reside on one web server connected to the Internet. Each site "sits" on its own partition, or section/place on the server to keep it separate from other sites. This is generally the most economical option for hosting as many people share the overall cost of server maintenance. one's Web site is placed on the same server as many other sites, ranging from a few to hundreds or thousands. Typically, all domains may share a common pool of server resources, such as RAM and the CPU. A shared website may be hosted with a reseller.

The hosting service must include system administration since it is shared by many users;
this is a benefit for users who do not want to deal with it, but a hindrance to power users who want more control. In general shared hosting will be inappropriate for users who require extensive software development outside what the hosting provider supports. But on the other hand, shared hosting is cheaper than other types of hosting such as dedicated server hosting.

Reseller Web Hosting Services :
allows clients to become web hosts themselves. Resellers could function, for individual domains, under any combination of these listed types of hosting, depending on who they are affiliated with as a provider. Resellers' accounts may vary tremendously in size: they may have their own virtual dedicated server to a colocated server.

Virtual Dedicated Server :
dividing a server into virtual servers, where each user feels like they're on their own dedicated server, but they're actually sharing a server with many other users. The users may have root access to their own virtual space. This is also known as a virtual private server or VPS.

Dedicated Hosting Services :
the user gets his or her own Web server and gains full control over it (root access for Linux/administrator access for Windows); however, the user typically does not own the server. Another type of Dedicated hosting is Self-Managed or Unmanaged. This is usually the least expensive for Dedicated plans. The user has full administrative access to the box, which means the client is responsible for the security and maintenance of his own dedicated box.

Managed Hosting Service :
the user gets his or her own Web server but is not allowed full control over it (root access for Linux/administrator access for Windows); however, they are allowed to manage their data via FTP or other remote management tools. The user is disallowed full control so that the provider can guarantee quality of service by not allowing the user to modify the server or potentially create configuration problems. The user typically does not own the server. The server is leased to the client..

Colocation Web Hosting Service :
similar to the dedicated web hosting service, but the user owns the colo server; the hosting company provides physical space that the server takes up and takes care of the server. This is the most powerful and expensive type of the web hosting service. In most cases, the colocation provider may provide little to no support directly for their client's machine, providing only the electrical, Internet access, and storage facilities for the server. In most cases for colo, the client would have his own administrator visit the data center on site to do any hardware upgrades or changes.

Clustered Hosting :
having multiple servers hosting the same content for better resource utilization. Clustered Servers are a perfect solution for high-availability dedicated hosting, or creating a scalable web hosting solution.

Grid Hosting :
this form of distributed hosting is when a server cluster acts like a grid and is composed of multiple nodes.

Home Server :
usually a single machine placed in a private residence can be used to host one or more web sites from a usually consumer-grade broadband connection. These can be purpose-built machines or more commonly old PCs.

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A node on a network that serves as an entrance to another network. In enterprises, the gateway is the computer that routes the traffic from a workstation to the outside network that is serving the Web pages. In homes, the gateway is the ISP that connects the user to the internet.

In enterprises, the gateway node often acts as a proxy server and a firewall. The gateway is also associated with both a router, which use headers and forwarding tables to determine where packets are sent, and a switch, which provides the actual path for the packet in and out of the gateway.

A computer system located on earth that switches data signals and voice signals between satellites and terrestrial networks.

An earlier term for router, though now obsolete in this sense as router is commonly used.

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A Router is a networking device whose software and hardware are usually tailored to the tasks of routing and forwarding information. For example, on the Internet, information is directed to various paths by routers. Routers connect two or more logical subnets, which do not necessarily map one-to-one to the physical interfaces of the router.

A Router is a networking device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP's network. Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect.

Routers use headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding the packets, and they use protocols such as ICMP ( Internet Control Message Protocol ) to communicate with each other and configure the best route between any two hosts.

A router is a device in computer networking that forwards data packets to their destinations, based on their addresses. The work a router does it called routing, which is somewhat like switching, but a router is different from a switch. The latter is simply a device to connect machines to form a LAN.

How a Router Works
When data packets are transmitted over a network (say the Internet), they move through many routers (because they pass through many networks) in their journey from the source machine to the destination machine. Routers work with IP packets, meaning that it works at the level of the IP protocol.

Each router keeps information about its neighbors (other routers in the same or other networks). This information includes the IP address and the cost, which is in terms of time, delay and other network considerations. This information is kept in a routing table, found in all routers.

When a packet of data arrives at a router, its header information is scrutinized by the router. Based on the destination and source IP addresses of the packet, the router decides which neighbor it will forward it to. It chooses the route with the least cost, and forwards the packet to the first router on that route.

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An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the infrastructure software component of a computer system; it is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the limited resources of the computer. The operating system acts as a host for applications that are run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an operating system is to handle the details of the operation of the hardware. This relieves application programs from having to manage these details and makes it easier to write applications. Almost all computers, including handheld computers, desktop computers, supercomputers, and even video game consoles, use an operating system of some type. Some of the oldest models may however use an embedded operating system, that may be contained on a compact disk or other data storage device.

Operating systems offer a number of services to application programs and users. Applications access these services through application programming interfaces (APIs) or system calls. By invoking these interfaces, the application can request a service from the operating system, pass parameters, and receive the results of the operation. Users may also interact with the operating system with some kind of software user interface (UI) like typing commands by using command line interface (CLI) or using a graphical user interface (GUI, commonly pronounced "gooey"). For hand-held and desktop computers, the user interface is generally considered part of the operating system. On large multi-user systems like Unix and Unix-like systems, the user interface is generally implemented as an application program that runs outside the operating system. (Whether the user interface should be included as part of the operating system is a point of contention.)

Common contemporary operating systems include Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux and Solaris. Microsoft Windows has a significant majority of market share in the desktop and notebook computer markets, while servers generally run on Linux or other Unix-like systems. Embedded device markets are split amongst several operating systems

An earlier term for router, though now obsolete in this sense as router is commonly used.

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Servlets are Java programming language classes that dynamically process requests and construct responses. JSP pages are text-based documents that execute as servlets but allow a more natural approach to creating static content. Although servlets and JSP pages can be used interchangeably, each has its own strengths. Servlets are best suited for service-oriented applications (web service endpoints are implemented as servlets) and the control functions of a presentation-oriented application, such as dispatching requests and handling nontextual data. JSP pages are more appropriate for generating text-based markup such as HTML, Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), Wireless Markup Language (WML), and XML. Since the introduction of Java Servlet and JSP technology, additional Java technologies and frameworks for building interactive web applications have been developed.

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The servletrunner is a small program that let's you test your Java servlets before deploying them to a web server. The servletrunner is a small utility, intended for testing. It is multithreaded, so it can run more than one servlet. It can be used to run multiple servlets simultaneously, or to test one servlet that calls other servlets in order to satisfy client requests. Unlike some web servers, it does not automatically reload servlets when they are updated. Because it is small, however, there is very little overhead associated with stopping and restarting it in order to use a new version of a servlet.

* Cryptography : is the practice and study of hiding information. Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and engineering. Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce.

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Apache Tomcat is a servlet container* developed by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). Tomcat implements the Java Servlet and the JavaServer Pages (JSP) specifications from Sun Microsystems, and provides a "pure Java" HTTP web server environment for Java code to run.

Tomcat should not be confused with the Apache web server, which is a C implementation of an HTTP web server; these two web servers are not bundled together. Apache Tomcat includes tools for configuration and management, but can also be configured by editing XML configuration file.

Tomcat is a free, open-source implementation of Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages technologies developed under the Jakarta project at the Apache Software Foundation. Tomcat is available for commercial use under the ASF license from the Apache web site in both binary and source versions.

Servlets container :
A Servlet container is a specialized web server that supports Servlet execution. It combines the basic functionality of a web server with certain Java/Servlet specific optimizations and extensions - such as an integrated Java runtime environment, and the ability to automatically translate specific URLs into Servlet requests. Individual Servlets are registered with a Servlet container, providing the container with information about what functionality they provide, and what URL or other resource locator they will use to identify themselves. The Servlet container is then able to initialize the Servlet as necessary and deliver requests to the Servlet as they arrive. Many containers have the ability to dynamically add and remove Servlets from the system, allowing new Servlets to quickly be deployed or removed without affecting other Servlets running from the same container. Servlet containers are also referred to as web containers or web engines.

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An applet is a program written in the Java programming language that can be included in an HTML page, much in the same way an image is included in a page. When you use a Java technology-enabled browser to view a page that contains an applet, the applet's code is transferred to your system and executed by the browser's Java Virtual Machine (JVM). For information and examples on how to include an applet in an HTML page, refer to this description of the Applet tag.

An applet is a software component that runs in the context of another program, for example a web browser. An applet usually performs a very narrow function that has no independent use. Hence, it is an application -let.

The word applet could alternatively be used to describe a small standalone application, such as those typically bundled with operating systems, for example a calculator program or text editor

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XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a general-purpose specification for creating custom markup languages. It is classified as an extensible language, because it allows the user to define the mark-up elements. XML's purpose is to aid information systems in sharing structured data, especially via the Internet, to encode documents, and to serialize data; in the last context, it compares with text-based serialization languages.

XML's set of tools helps developers in creating web pages but its usefulness goes well beyond that. XML, makes it possible to define the content of a document separately from its formatting, making it easy to reuse that content in other applications or for other presentation environments. Most importantly, XML provides a basic syntax that can be used to share information between different kinds of computers, different applications, and different organizations without needing to pass through many layers of conversion.

XML began as a simplified subset of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), meant to be readable by people via semantic constraints; application languages can be implemented in XML.

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Active Server Pages or ASP is more commonly known technology that enables you to make dynamic and interactive web pages. ASP uses server-side scripting to dynamically produce web pages that are not affected by the type of browser the web site visitor is using. The default scripting language used for writing ASP is VBScript, although you can use other scripting languages like JScript (Microsoft's version of JavaScript). ASP pages have the extension .asp instead of .htm, when a page with the extension .asp is requested by a browser the web server knows to interpret any ASP contained within the web page before sending the HTML produced to the browser. This way all the ASP is run on the web server and no ASP will ever be passed to the web browser. Any web pages containing ASP cannot be run by just simply opening the page in a web browser. The page must be requested through a web server that supports ASP, this is why ASP stands for Active Server Pages, no server, no active pages.

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The World Wide Web is a system of Internet servers that support specially formatted hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. The documents are formatted in a markup language called HTML (HyperText Markup Language) that supports links to other documents. With a Web browser, one can view Web pages that may contain text, images, graphics, audio, video files and other multimedia and navigate between them using hyperlinks.This means you can jump from one document to another simply by clicking.

There are several applications called Web browsers that make it easy to access the World Wide Web; Two of the most popular being Netscape Navigator and Microsoft's Internet Explorer.

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Internet Explorer is the name of Microsoft's browser that enables you to view Web pages on the Internet using a graphical interface. Internet Explorer was first introduced in 1995 and it is the most popular browser used today. The latest official release, Internet Explorer 7 was made available for Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, and Windows Vista. This version included the popular tabbed browsing option, a feature first used by Mozilla in 2001, a new feed reader, and other features. The beta version of Internet Explorer 8 was released in early 2008. Internet Explorer supports Java and JavaScript and also supports ActiveX.

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The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is the non-profit corporation that was formed to assume responsibility for the IP address space allocation, protocol parameter assignment, domain name system management, and root server system management functions previously performed under U.S. Government contract by IANA and other entities.
For more information about ICANN, please visit: http://www.icann.org

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TCP/ IP is a set of protocols that handles data transmitted across the internet. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) works much like a piece of registered mail. You pack your valuable information - take it to the Post Office - they find the most efficient way to deliver it - send the package - get a signature stating that the item was received - return a message so that you are assured that the package arrived intact.

TCP/IP protocols break up the data into small segments called packets (this help with the transportation over the internet) , sends the address of where the information is to be sent, send the information, verify the receipt of the information and reconstruct the data on the other end. The Internet is managed by the rules of sending and receiving information over TCP/ IP.

Reason for TCP :
The Internet Protocol (IP) works by exchanging groups of information called packets. Packets are short sequences of bytes consisting of a header and a body. The header describes the packet's destination, which routers on the Internet use to pass the packet along, generally in the right direction, until it arrives at its final destination. The body contains the application data.

In cases of congestion, the IP can discard packets, and, for efficiency reasons, two consecutive packets on the Internet can take different routes to the destination. Then, the packets can arrive at the destination in the wrong order.

The TCP software libraries use the IP and provide a simpler interface to applications by hiding most of the underlying packet structures, rearranging out-of-order packets, minimizing network congestion, and re-transmitting discarded packets. Thus, TCP very significantly simplifies the task of writing network applications.

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An IP Address is a "computers" return address. This return address is needed so the information you request will make it back to your computer.

Your IP (Internet Protocol) Address is a unique set of four numbers (0-255) that is always in the form of 255.255.255.255. Each computer hooked up to the internet has to have these numbers so that the requested information has a place to be delivered.

Some computers have a FIXED (static) number - in other words - ever time you turn on the computer you have the same numbers.

Your Internet Service Provider (ISP) probably has your IP Address associated to a Domain Name also. The Domain Name is not the IP Address but they are related. Take a look at the following information.

Your Internet Service Provider (ISP) probably has your IP Address associated to a Domain Name also. The Domain Name is not the IP Address but they are related. Take a look at the following information.

Now you see why they have both - the number for the computers and the name for us. (It is easier for us to remember.)
Your networks numbers are assigned by your Internet Service Providers (ISP) under authority of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) who in turn gets the numbering scheme from InterNic.
IP Addresses are sometimes referred to as dot addresses. The computer actually reads these as a set of 4 hexadecimal numbers (0-F). Since we live in a base 10 world, we convert these hexadecimal numbers to decimals and separating them by dots (.) which helps us to identify the 4 numbers. Without the dots it's hard to know if 1922435242 is 192.24.35.242 or 192.243.5.242 or even some other combination.

The IP address is usually expressed as four decimal numbers, each representing eight bits, separated by periods. This is sometimes known as the dot address and, more technically, as dotted quad notation. For Class A IP addresses, the numbers would represent "network.local.local.local"; for a Class C IP address, they would represent "network.network.network.local". The number version of the IP address can (and usually is) represented by a name or series of names called the domain name.

Relationship of the IP Address to the Physical Address
The machine or physical address used within an organization's local area networks may be different than the Internet's IP address. TCP/IP includes a facility called the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) that lets the administrator create a table that maps IP addresses to physical addresses. The table is known as the ARP cache.

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A server is a computer and/or a software package that provides requested information to clients. A server takes requests and returns information. It is there to serve information. When you are talking about a server, you could be referring to either the software or the hardware. There are different kinds of servers. A single hardware server could have several different types of server software packages running on it. Depending on the traffic, you could have a web server, FTP server, e-mail server, or chat server (to name a few) running on a single hardware server. The client that is requesting services must match the type of service that it is connecting to. There are different kinds of servers for both hardware and Software.Software - servers are available for web, e-mail, FTP, chat, IRC, and many others. Hardware - servers are available on many platforms UNIX, Mac, Windows 95/98, Windows NT, LINUX etc.

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Who Is databases contain nameserver, registrar, and in some cases, full contact information about a domain name. Each registrar must maintain a WHOIS database containing all contact information for the domains they 'host'. A central registry WHOIS database is maintained by the InterNIC. This database contains only registrar and nameserver information for all .com, .net and .org domains.

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File Transfer Protocol ( FTP) allows you to copy files from a remote computer to your own ( or vise-versa ). FTP is an acronym for File Transfer Protocol. As the name suggests, FTP is used to transfer files between computers on a network, such as the Internet. You can use FTP to exchange files between computer accounts, to transfer files between an account and a desktop computer, or to access software archives on the Internet.

FTP is the simplest way to exchange files between computers on the Internet. Like the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which transfers displayable Web pages and related files, and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), which transfers email, FTP is an application protocol that uses the Internet's TCP/IP protocols. FTP is commonly used to transfer Web page files from their creator to the computer that serves the pages to everyone on the Internet. It's also commonly used to download programs and other files to your computer from other servers.

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The network protocol used to send email across the Internet. Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) is the network protocol used to send email across the Internet. When you send email, its first stop is a server running SMTP.

SMTP service is the side of e-mail that allows clients to send outgoing e-mail messages to any valid e-mail address. The SMTP server performs two basic but important functions. First, it verifies that anyone attempting to send outgoing e-mail through the SMTP server has the right to do so. Secondly, it sends the outgoing mail and if undeliverable, sends the message back to the sender.

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A plug-in is a link to an external application that handles embedded information in a web page. A plug-in is a computer program that interacts with a host application (a web browser or an email client, for example) to provide a certain, usually very specific, function "on demand". Applications support plugins for many reasons. Some of the main reasons include: enabling third-party developers to create capabilities to extend an application, to support features yet unforeseen, to reduce the size of an application, and to separate source code from an application because of incompatible software licenses.

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A program that searches documents for specified keywords and returns a list of the documents where the keywords were found. A Web search engine is a tool designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. Information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in newsbooks, databases, or open directories. Unlike Web directories, which are maintained by human editors, search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human input.

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Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of improving the volume and quality of traffic to a web site from search engines via search results. Search engine optimization solutions are committed to using functional business enhancing Website Design that not only delivers your message but also achieves high visibility on the World Wide Webs' leading search engines via our comprehensive Internet Marketing services. SEO can also target different kinds of search, including image search, local search, and industry-specific vertical search engines.

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Search engine marketing, or SEM, is a form of Internet marketing that seeks to promote websites by increasing their visibility in search engine result pages (SERPs). According to the Search Engine Marketing Professional Organization, SEM methods include: search engine optimization (or SEO), paid placement, contextual advertising and paid inclusion. As an Internet marketing strategy, SEO considers how search engines work and what people search for. Optimizing a website primarily involves editing its content and HTML coding to both increase its relevance to specific keywords and to remove barriers to the indexing activities of search engines.

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An Internet service provider (ISP, also called Internet access provider or IAP) is a company that offerstheir customers access to the Internet. The ISP connects to its customers using a data transmission technology appropriate for delivering Internet Protocol datagrams, such as dial-up, DSL, cable modem or dedicated high-speed interconnects.
ISPs may provide Internet e-mail accounts to users which allow them to communicate with one another by sending and receiving electronic messages through their ISPs' servers. ISPs may provide other services such as remotely storing data files on behalf of their customers, as well as other services unique to each particular ISP.

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A dedicated hosting service, dedicated server, or managed hosting service is a type of Internet hosting where the client leases an entire server not shared with anyone. This is more flexible than shared hosting, as organizations have full control over the server(s), including choice of operating system, hardware, etc. Server administration can usually be provided by the hosting company as an add-on service. In some cases a dedicated server can offer less overhead and a larger return on investment. Dedicated servers are most often housed in data centers, similar to colocation facilities, providing redundant power sources and HVAC systems. In contrast to collocation, the server hardware is owned by the provider and in some cases they will provide support for your operating system or applications.

A dedicated server is a single Computer in a network reserved for serving the needs of the network. For example, some networks require that one computer be set aside to manage communications between all the other computers. A dedicated server could also be a computer that manages printer resources. Note, however, that not all servers are dedicated. In some networks, it is possible for a computer to act as a server and perform other functions as well. In the Web hosting business, a dedicated server is typically a rented service. The user rents the server, software and an Internet connection from the Web host.

Operating System Support
Availability, price and employee familiarity often determines which operating systems are offered on dedicated servers. Variations of Linux (open source operating systems) are often included at no charge to the customer. Commercial operating systems include Microsoft Windows Server, provided through a special program called Microsoft SPLA. Red Hat Enterprise is a commercial version of Linux offered to hosting providers on a monthly fee basis. The monthly fee provides OS updates through the Red Hat Network using an application called up2date. Other operating systems are available from the open source community at no charge. These include CentOS, Fedora Core, Debian, and many other Linux distributions or BSD systems FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD.

Support for any of the operating systems above typically depends on the level of management offered with a particular dedicated server plan. Operating system support may include updates to the core system in order to acquire the latest security fixes, patches, and system-wide vulnerability resolutions. Updates to core operating systems include kernel upgrades, service packs, application updates, and security patches that keep server secure and safe. Operating system updates and support relieves the burden of server management from the dedicated server owner.

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A web application framework is a software framework that is designed to support the development of dynamic websites, Web applications and Web services. The framework aims to alleviate the overhead associated with common activities performed in Web development. For example, many frameworks provide libraries for database access, templating frameworks and session management, and often promote code reuse.
Web application development is performed by specialized programmers, who are familiar with the coding necessary for the creation of Web pages, including HTML, XML, Flash, Perl, CSS, PHP, JSP, ASP, and others. Each of these has a specific function and creates varied results. To varying degrees, programmers are proficient in one or more of these languages. Web application development can be varied or specific, depending on the needs of the Web pages involved.

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As soon as the web began to be used for delivering services, service providers recognized the need for dynamic content. Applets, one of the earliest attempts toward this goal, focused on using the client platform to deliver dynamic user experiences. At the same time, developers also investigated using the server platform for this purpose. Initially, Common Gateway Interface (CGI) scripts were the main technology used to generate dynamic content. Although widely used, CGI scripting technology has a number of shortcomings, including platform dependence and lack of scalability. To address these limitations, Java servlet technology was created as a portable way to provide dynamic, user-oriented content.

Java Web Application Technology
Java Servlet technology is the foundation of all the web application technologies, Each technology adds a level of abstraction that makes web application prototyping and development faster and the web applications themselves more maintainable, scalable, and robust. Web components are supported by the services of a runtime platform called a web container. A web container provides services such as request dispatching, security, concurrency, and life-cycle management. It also gives web components access to APIs such as naming, transactions, and email. Certain aspects of web application behavior can be configured when the application is installed, or deployed, to the web container. The configuration information is maintained in a text file in XML format called a web application deployment descriptor (DD). Most web applications use the HTTP protocol, and support for HTTP is a major aspect of web components.

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Internet Information Services (IIS) - formerly called Internet Information Server. It is a set of Internet-based services for servers created by Microsoft for use with Microsoft Windows. Internet Information Server, Microsoft's Web server that runs on Windows NT platforms. IIS comes bundled with Windows NT 4.0. Because IIS is tightly integrated with the operating system, it is relatively easy to administer. However, currently IIS is available only for the Windows NT platform, whereas Netscape's Web servers run on all major platforms, including Windows NT, OS/2 and UNIX. It is the world's second most popular web server in terms of overall websites behind the industry leader Apache HTTP Server.

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The servletrunner is a small program that let's you test your Java servlets before deploying them to a web server. The servletrunner is a small utility, intended for testing. It is multithreaded, so it can run more than one servlet. It can be used to run multiple servlets simultaneously, or to test one servlet that calls other servlets in order to satisfy client requests. Unlike some web servers, it does not automatically reload servlets when they are updated. Because it is small, however, there is very little overhead associated with stopping and restarting it in order to use a new version of a servlet.

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Hypertext Mark-up Language, or HTML, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It provides a means to describe a structured document by denoting structural semantics to text such as headings, paragraphs, lists etc. and also some other semantics by denoting text as links, quotes, and other things. It also allows embedded images and objects and interactive forms. It is written in the form of "tags" consisting of elements surrounded by angle brackets, and can embed or load scripting languages such as JavaScript, that can affect the behavior of HTML processors like Web browsers, and Cascading Style Sheets to define the appearance of text, and the layout of block elements - which is encouraged over explicit presentational markup.
A markup language is a set of annotations to text that describe how something is to be structured, laid out, or formatted. Electronic document markup languages are embedded markup codes used to construct structured documents, used in computer typesetting, word processors, web-document editors and web browsers.

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Cold Fusion Markup Language, more commonly known as CFML, is the scripting language used by Adobe ColdFusion, BlueDragon and Railo, as well as other CFML server engines. CFML supports standard HTML files with database commands, conditional operators, high-level formatting functions, and other elements to produce web applications.
ColdFusion tags have the same format as HTML tags. They are enclosed in angle brackets and can have zero or more named attributes. Many ColdFusion tags have bodies; that is, they have beginning and end tags with text to be processed between them.
The pages in a ColdFusion application include the server-side CFML tags in addition to HTML (XHTML) tags. When a browser requests a page in a ColdFusion application, it is automatically pre-processed by the ColdFusion Application Server.
ColdFusion tags tell the ColdFusion server that it must process the tagged information. The ColdFusion server only processes ColdFusion tag contents; it returns text outside of ColdFusion tags to the web server unchanged.

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